Essay about The Holocaust - 4385 Words

The Holocaust All throughout history, Jews have been persecuted. The Jews were blamed for killing Jesus and the idea of anti- Semitism has been around centuries before Adolf Hitler and the Nazis. Adolf Hitler led the Nazis to power in 1933 promising to make Germany powerful and respected by the rest of the world. He promised to fight Communism, to find jobs for the six million unemployed workers in Germany, to restore law and order, and to get rid of the â€Å"Jewish influence† in Germany. Hitler’s speeches were full of hatred for the Jews and this encouraged his followers to attack Jewish people. The Nazis controlled the police. The Nazis†¦show more content†¦This illustrates that the Nazis tried to cut off intermarriage. The reasons for this were because the Nazis wanted racial purity and they believed in the Aryan race. Finally the source says ‘sexual relations between Jews and citizens of German blood are forbidden. This shows that Jews weren’t a part of soc iety. Jewish lives were affected on large scale because they had no vote and citizenship and on a smaller scale because they couldn’t have sexual relations and intermarriage with Germans. Kristallnacht took place on the 9th of November 1938, in Germany. Kristallnacht meaning â€Å"the night of broken glass† was an attack on Jewish houses and synagogues. The event which supposedly triggered Kristallnacht was the killing of a German diplomat by a Jew in Paris. This was used as an excuse to attack Jewish businesses and Jewish homes. When the Nazis heard about this Hitler was going to make a speech. However Goebbels (who wanted to prove he was a powerful leader) insisted that he would make the speech. Willing to be successful Goebbels made sure that this would be a successful attack on the Jews. They used the death of the German diplomat as a platform to build a case to get revenge against the Jews. They used the S.S to help the attack on the Jews. Goebbels speech was successful and the event of Kristallnacht was about to take place that night. TheShow MoreRelatedHolocaust : Holocaust And Holocaust1247 Words   |  5 Pages History of holocaust Holocaust Term Paper Jewish people were tortured, abused, and subjected through horrific unfathomable situations by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust. Despite all of the unpragmatic hardships Jews all over Europe faced, many stayed true to their faith and religion. There are numerous stories in which Jewish people tried to keep the roots of their religion well knowing the risk of torture and death. The never ending fear of Jewish people living in the Ghettos and trying to surviveRead MoreHolocaust : The Holocaust And Holocaust1247 Words   |  5 PagesWe all know the horrific experience, the Jews faced during the Holocaust and after it. Even after some survived the holocaust physically, they will always be tormented and haunted by those gruesome memories from those inhumane actions that were directed towards them. After, all they went through it is obvious the holocaust affected the survivor s drastically, but how about the future generations of Jews. In which I believe the holocaust did in fact affect the second generation, but the third generationRead MoreThe Holocaust : A Holocaust930 Words   |  4 PagesThe Holocaust is one of the most well known genocides that have taken place. It had destroyed millions of Jewish lives and has caused a historical pain to these people that cannot be taken away till this day. The Holocaust can be seen from Goldhagen’s perspective of eliminationism. It did have all of the five steps and yet there was uniqueness about the Holocaust. The first one that can be looked at is the concentration camp itself. The history of the camp and the stories are still being unfoldedRead MoreHolocaust : The Holocaust And Holocaust1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe Holocaust The holocaust is a term originally referred to a religious rite in which an offering is incinerated. But today, has another meaning; is any human disaster of great magnitude and importance, mainly refers to the extermination of the Jews who lived in Europe conducted by the Germany government. Throughout the nineteenth century, the Jewish community was improving their situation and their rights equalized to those of other citizens in most European countries. But despite this, these peopleRead MoreHolocaust : An Examination Of The Holocaust1117 Words   |  5 Pages In the summer of 1944 the soviets freed the Jewish from the concentration camps like Belzec, Treblinka and the most infamous killing camp Auschwitz. In an examination of the holocaust I will converse the effects of the holocaust and their worlds response, to its victims and perpetrators. The aftermath of the holocaust shows the mass Genocide people found, as Germany cures itself it showed civilization that we should not let someone manipulate us, and let them change our ideals and beliefs. I willRead MoreThe Holocaust Of The Jewish Holocaust858 Words   |  4 PagesThe Jewish Holocaust is often described as the largest, most gruesome holocaust in history. It began in 1933 with the rise of Adolf Hitler and lasted nearly twelve years until the Nazi Party were defeated by the Allied powers in 1945. The expression â€Å"Holocaust† originated from Greece which is translated to â€Å"sacrifice by fire†. This is a very proper name considering the slaughter and carnage of Jewi sh people inflicted by the Nazis. In addition to the Jewish, Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexualRead MoreThe Holocaust : The Causes Of The Holocaust804 Words   |  4 PagesAfter WW2, there was a thing called the holocaust. There were many concentration camps all over Germany where many Jews were killed in different ways. It happened between WW1 and WW2, 1933-1945. My position on why this happened is that Germany was going through a rough time, so Hitler wanted their country to resemble power. Read on to learn more about the causes and ways the Holocaust could have been avoided. The Holocaust was a mass slaying of groups of people which that Germany saw as inferiorRead MoreThe holocaust959 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Year 10 Humanities 2013 Unit 2: World War 2 Task 2 The Holocaust The Causes of the Holocaust The Process of the Holocaust In 1933, the Jewish population of Europe stood at over nine million. Most European Jews lived in countries that Germany would occupy during World War II. By 1945, the Germans killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as part of the Final Solution, the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe. Although Jews, whom the Nazis deemed a priority danger toRead MoreThe Holocaust971 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Holocaust The Holocaust was one of the most horrible and dreaded events in history. Millions of Jews were killed, leaving many families devastated and hopeless. With the goal of racial purity, Adolf Hitler- along with many other Germans believed the Jews caused the defeat of their country, and led the Nazis to the elimination of Jews. For this reason, â€Å"Even in the early 21st century, the legacy of the Holocaust endures†¦as many as 12,000 Jews were killed every day† (The Holocaust). LaterRead MoreHolocaust Final Draft : Holocaust1495 Words   |  6 PagesAnthony Harmon Holocaust Final draft World History The holocaust started when Adolf Hitler became Germany’s dictator, and they started the organization called the Nazis. They started by terrorizing the Jewish community in Germany, then eventually put them all into concentration camps. In one of the bigger camps, they experimented and took newborn babies away from the nursing mothers and they were seeing how long they would survive without feeding. Between 1945 and 1985, about 5,000 Nazi

Technology Is Eroding All Of Humanity - 1247 Words

Over Use of Technology? How technology is eroding all of humanity. Many people believe technology to be advancing humanity’s capabilities, in reality, although there are some advantages, it has many negative effects on society, and therefore the amount of technology used should be reduced to ensure the continuing existence of mankind. People of all ages from young children to adults use technology on a daily basis to learn and do things which were once done manually. People are slowly losing the ability to do simple actions such as writing a letter or spelling simple words. There is also an increasing number of health issues found to be the result of excessive technology usage. To decrease the amount of social and medical conditions in today’s society the technology usage should be decreased and used more safely. Although the amount of technology used should be reduced it is still a very useful utility and should not be completely stopped. The development of new technologies, such as mobile phones, Facebook, email, Skype and FaceTime, have made it easier for people to communicate with other people at any time anywhere in the world. By developing new technology, society is able to quickly send/receive messages. For example if you want to give a message to a friend or relative you can just ring, text or email them, whereas before you would have to hand write a message which would then be hand delivered. Technology can also be useful when wanting to find outShow MoreRelatedTwo Possible Approaches to Addressing Externatlities Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease the enticement of the well-being of humanity and our environment. 2. Hawken, Porter and others have talked about the role of government in terms of markets and developing sustainable behaviors. For example, you read about and discussed Hawken’s concept of ‘restoring the guardian;’ Porter’s thesis that we can be â€Å"Green and Competitive;† and Jared Diamond’s argument that our attitude toward government may actually compromise the quality of life we all value. Briefly summarize the main pointsRead MoreThe Transformation Of Societies Into Industrialized Nations872 Words   |  4 Pagesundesirable climate changes; acid rain, altered atmospheric composition, land degradation and dangerously increasing water levels on a global scale. Greed has consumed humanity; it is the driving force behind new patterns of production, increased product consumption, increased natural resource extractions and greater use of technology. Industries and corporations alike bury themselves behind procedures, and machinery, having n o regard to consequence. The consequencing environmental changes mirror theRead MoreThe Effects of Modernization1188 Words   |  5 Pagestoday. Modernization promoted a more balanced and logic worldview as tradition loses its hold and people increase their individualization. The trends that encompass modernization are urbanization, secularization, bureaucracy and developments in technology. Karl Marx had the theory the industrial revolution was a communist revolution. He agree with other theories by Tonnies and Durkheim when it came to the brake down of small communities and the division of labor and the rational world viewRead MoreThe, Science And Imagination, By Wendel Berry Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesDualism in Ethical Eights The advancement in technology and science has triggered a new way of thinking among many people. What seems challenging is drawing the limits of this advancement in terms of what is ideal and imperative for humanity. Science seems to provide concrete evidence for its discoveries. However, the increased reliance on scientific discoveries and technology is diminishing the human morals. All these are amidst the emergence of dualities such as religious fundamentalism and scientificRead MoreCivil Liberties Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pagesother people feel that civil liberties are necessary tools to fight for their Constitutional rights. Critics believe that American citizens take advantage of civil liberties supporting limits on freedom of speech. They believe that degradation of humanity is inherent in unregulated speech. For example, according to Delgado and Stefancic, a larger or more authoritative person can use hate speech to physically threaten and intimidate those who are less significant (qtd. in Martin 49). Freedom of speechRead MoreEffects Of Plastic Pollution On Our Oceans1593 Words   |  7 PagesStates, but everywhere. Landfills are running into water systems every day, carrying more plastics and trash into all of the oceans. For instance, in the Mediterranean Sea, sewage is untreated and that totals eighty percent. 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Adversaries argue of the impacts that intense farming practices augment the problem of eroding and fer tility of the soil (Coyle, 2007). Corn ethanol has always been at the spotlight of the green revolution occurring in our combustion tanks. This fossil fuel alternative has been looked down upon. It accounts for releases of nitrogen, phosphorusRead MoreTecnology and Humanity Essay1985 Words   |  8 PagesTechnology and Humanity Introduction A new study commissioned by Intel Corporation and conducted by Penn Schoen Berland found that young adults, especially millennials (aged 18 to 24) who grew up with smartphones, iPads and other digital gizmos and gadgets, are increasingly tech savvy; but many who fall into this category also think technology is making people less human in the process. The â€Å"Intel Innovation Barometer† further revealed that the millennials globally show a stark contrast to

Distributed System Failure Types Free Essays

Distributed Systems A distributed system is a computer system that consists of a collection of computers that share certain characteristics. The first characteristic that these computers share is the use of a common network. Another trait of this system is the computers share software that enables the computers to coordinate their activities, often across large distances. We will write a custom essay sample on Distributed System Failure Types or any similar topic only for you Order Now The sharing of system resources is another characteristic of distributed systems and those resources are usually available from an integrated computing facility. Fault Tolerance In a distributed system, fault tolerance is something that needs to be taken into account to prevent catastophic situations and data loss. Fault olerance is simply the ability of a system to continue operating in the event of undesired changes to the external environment or internal structure of the system occurs. Types of failure There are several key types of failure related to distributed systems. The first of these is hardware failure. Hardware failure refers to the failure of any single component within the system. The second type of failure within a distributed system is network failure. Network failure is the failure of any single link within the entire distirbuted system network. The third type of failure within a distributed system is application failure. Application failure occurs when an application stops working or fails to operate correctly within a distributed system. The last type of failure in a distributed system is the failure of synchronization. The type of failure occurs when data on different point of the system are not synchronized correctly. Hardware Failure Within a distributed system there are many different types of hardware. If any one of the hardware components within a distributed system should fail, the failure could affect the distributed system as a whole. Taken in the most literal sense, individual keyboards, mice, monitors, and computers are all hardware and failure of any one of those would affect the distributed system because it could cause a single node to be unavailable for use. This is an example of failure that has a very minimal impact on the performance of the overall system. On the flip side of that, the failure of a server within the distributed system would have a tremendous affect on the performance of the system as a whole. Fault tolerance requires the distibuted system to have redundant hardware capabilities so that no single component could fail and have a detrimental effect on the system. Network Failure One of the key characteristics of a distributed system is the use of a network as a common link to share applications, data, and resources. As with hardware failures, network failures can occur on different scales. One example of a network failure would be the loss of a wireless access point in a location where there is no capacity for a wired connection. Loss of wireless connectivity could potentailly affect many users depending on the situation. Another example of a network failue would be the loss of a router. The loss of a router on a large network would have a negative impact on all users and equipment connected to it. Fault tolerance would require redundant routes to allows users to maintain their connection in the case of a failed router and the availability of wired connections or duplicate wireless access points, in the case of the failure of a single wireless access point. http://www. answers. com/topic/fault-tolerant http://www. answers. com/topic/distributed-system How to cite Distributed System Failure Types, Papers

Champ D Avoine Essay Example For Students

Champ D? Avoine Essay The rebirth of art in Italy was connected with the rediscovery of ancient philosophy, literature, and science and the evolution of empirical methods of study in these fields. Increased awareness of classical knowledge created a new resolve to learn by direct observation and study of the natural world. Consequently, secular themes became increasingly important to artists, and with the revived interest in antiquity came a new repertoire of subjects drawn from Greek and Roman history and mythology. The models provided by ancient buildings and works of art also inspired the development of new artistic techniques and the desire to re-create the forms and styles of classical art. As these new styles of linear and aerial perspective and pyramid structures came into use by Alberti, paintings were able to carry better-recognized religious ideas because the paintings became more transparent and more vivid in detail. Finally, artists in the high Renaissance such as Da Vinci, and Raphael developed paintings in the narrative style that demonstrated the body in a more scientific and natural manner, thus demonstrating the various aspects of every day life. Claude Monet is perhaps one of the most world renowned impressionist painters. Born in Paris in 1840, he entered the world just as technology began to change the ways of society. As a child Monet showed his interests in nature. He could barely keep his patience in school, and felt the presence of the nature and outdoors call to him from inside. He would sketch out caricatures of teachers, and relatives, and sell them from within the window of a local framing shop owned by a Eugene Boudin. When it came to his art work, Monet received no inspiration from his parents. Eventually when drafted in 1860, Monet was sent to North Africa where he experienced nature the way he always felt it deep inside. That little feeling that buzzed in him as a child awakened in Africa, and it was here that his appreciation for nature emerged and would affect his works for the rest of his life. Monet returned to France in 1862 after he became ill and was sent home. From there he enrolled in the Charles Gleyr es studio, but this only turned out to be a disappointment for Monet, but held significance in his life since it is where he met Renoir, Bazille, and Sisley. In 1864, the parents contempt for his artistic endeavors placed him in a position where his parents basically disowned him. Having little to no money, he moved in with Bazille, and worked from Bazilles studio. Shortly thereafter Monet entered two paintings into the Salon which gained him some success. From there in 1969, Monet travels with friend Renoir to La Grenouillere, where together they begin their studies side by side. Claude Monet can be classified as a forerunner of Impressionists, Neo-Impressionists, Fauvists, Cubists, Abstract painters, and the Non-Figurists. He is often called The Father of Impressionism (Taillander 6). Although Monet had some works accepted into the Salon, he was one of the first to paint in the Impressionist style, and persisted even after his works were rejected and shunned. Renoir said Without Monet, we would all have given up (qtd. in Taillander 8). Monet was seen as an extremist because he captured the fleeting moment, creating a degree of wooliness in his canvasses which have not been interpreted with any certainty(Taillander 8). In Monets paintings, his interest lies not in details, but in capturing the effect of the whole scene as it would be perceived in a fleeting glance (Welton 14). The term Impressionist was first given by a critic when reviewing Monets painting, There were many important developments that made the Impressionist style of painting possible. One of these developments was painting outside or en plein air. Previously, artists had to paint in their studios because it was too burdensome to take large canvasses and other supplies outside. Metal tubes invented in the 1840s allowed long-term storage of paints. Paint was previously stored in pouches made from pigs bladders. The paint hardened rapidly when exposed to air. Smaller canvasses were more easily available, making it easier for the artist to take their supplies outside. Because of these new developments, artists could paint directly and spontaneously from nature. .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706 , .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706 .postImageUrl , .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706 , .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706:hover , .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706:visited , .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706:active { border:0!important; } .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706:active , .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706 .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u37f194ebb0104831a6e2ae93a4694706:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Civil Rights Movement EssayMonets painting of the Champ d Avoine allows us to experience his feelings through various techniques that visually speak to the viewer. It is his life in his brush stroke, and the application of paint, that presents a vivid, active, and alive environment where his subjects interact. Monet seems to show a speed in the application of his paints, and it is this speed that adds to the overall feeling within the viewer. His strokes are all seen, there is no attempt to hide stroke, or keep a clean surface like classical painting. There is some sense of line work and contour in the foreground creating a greater detail, but I feel it is just an accurate representation of environmental distortion and its affects as things become more blurry in the distance. Monet took his personal feelings and moods, and transferred them into the Champ d Avoine , altering the techniques he used. He altered his technique according to his sense of the quality of the whole, whether joyous or somber, that he wanted to construct in response to the powerful stimulus from the object that engaged him in the act of painting (Schapiro 180). Monets brushstrokes would change with the condition of his feelings. A festive holiday painting contained ecstatic, rapid brushstrokes, forceful and swift. There was little or no separation in time between the vision of the encounter with the object and its rendering on the spot (Schapiro 61). He had a degree of impulsiveness and freedom which was realized through correspondingly chaotic brushstrokes, but was held together by his firm touch and rhythms of execution which modeled the enthusiasm of the human world in movement (Schapiro 184). The techniques Monet is most remembered for were his use of light and color in the Champ d Avoine . Monet was one of the first of the Impressionists to paint en plein air. A craving for open-air light was the mainspring of Monets artistic developmentMonet began by portraying the intensity of light by showing the contrast between bright light and dark shadow(Taillander 86). As part of his impulsiveness, Monet refused to paint from memory. He said, I paint only what I see(qtd. in Taillander 76). Sunshine was essential if Monet was to capture the true effects of light. He would stop painting and wait for a cloud to pass over the sun because it altered the intensity of the light and shadows(Taillander 77). Monets use of color is as equally appreciated as his use of light effects, and the two go hand in hand with each other. Even through Alberti, Leonardo, and Vassari would appreciate Monets hard work and unique style, it is in my opinion that they would have found this work of art lacking in many ways. Monet unlike Alberti, Leonardo, and Vassari, tried to move away from th e classical style of painting. Monet believed in spontaneous painting. He believed by doing this he could capture a fresh image, which in his opinion would have been more realistic. Monets Champ d Avoine also had no religious meaning behind it. This painting just reflected Monets mood at the time, Unlike Leonardos The Virgin of the Rocks, were in it you could clearly pick out the mean focal point, and its religious meaning behind it. I think Vasari would have found Leonardos work more inspirational and creative than Monets Champ d Avoine. Vasari believed in art that evoked tremendous emotion, and gained knowledge when someone looked at it, and I dont think that Monets painting does that in any fashion due to the lack of a central focal point in the painting. In conclusion, even though the artist from the Renaissance period had a different style of creating great works of art. I think they would have found Claude Monets Champ d Avoine a piece of good art, and I think they would have found him to be an elite sprit, and posses an imagination that will never die. Works CitedBrenner, Carla. Weekends with the Impressionists. New York: Universe Publishing, 1997. .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d , .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d .postImageUrl , .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d , .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d:hover , .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d:visited , .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d:active { border:0!important; } .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d:active , .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u04c367c03c261a67f4d99eb01bc57c2d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lying EssayMason, Antony. Famous Artists: Monet. New York: Barrons Educational Series, 1995. Schapiro, Meyer. Impressionism: Reflections and Perceptions. New York: George Braziller, 1997. Spence, David. Monet and Impressionism. New York: Barrons Educational Series, 1997. Taillander, Yvon. Claude Monet. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1963. Welton, Jude. Eyewitness Art: Impressionism. London: Dorling Kindersley, 1993.

Balance Theory Essay Essay Example

?Balance Theory Essay Paper Introduction Good Evening ladies and gentlemen my name is xxxxx and today I shall edify you about a really interesting theory refering consumer behavior and Marketing. As practising sellers, we are good cognizant of the impact that a famous persons indorsement can hold on consumer behavior but I am reasonably certain most of you wouldn’t cognize the concluding behind such a phenomenon. What is the Balance Theory? Ever wondered why houses use famous persons to back their merchandises? Well inquire no farther because Fritz Heider proposed with his Balance theory that people attempt to keep a psychological balance and organize relationships that balance out their likes and disfavors. For illustration if Person A likes a famous person and the famous person likes a merchandise but Person A originally disliked the merchandise, so Person A is likely to stop up increasing his enjoyment of the merchandise or diminishing his liking of the famous person or both. All these options create equilibrium. As sellers, it is our end to accomplish market the merchandise successfully to the mark audience. For illustration if we were to utilize Michael Jordan to market golfing merchandises, so the mark consumer would most likely end up disliking the merchandise. However, if we were to utilize Tiger Woods to market the golfing merchandises, so consumers of golfing merchandises would most likely stop up wishing the merchandises. We will write a custom essay sample on ?Balance Theory Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on ?Balance Theory Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on ?Balance Theory Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Balance Theory Explained So the Balance Theory is made up of a Triangle that consists of 3 elements. The relationship between these 3 elements is known as sentiment dealingss. So the first component is PO, the 2nd component is PX and the 3rd component is OX. If the consequences of the generation of the positive or negative marks of any 2 elements yields a positive consequence, so the consistence in the three is maintained and frailty versa. This theoretical account may look complicated but it is in kernel really basic. So allow me simplify this for you with an illustration. Positive Example Let us presume P is John a hoops fan, O is Michael Jordan a famous person Basketball participant and Ten is the merchandise being marketed and in this instance let’s presume it is a limited edition hoops. So if John is a fan of Michael Jordan, so the sentimental relation PO will be positive. Since Michael Jordan is approves of the merchandise he endorsed, the relationship OX is positive excessively. Therefore, by default, PX would be positive excessively. Negative Example However, say if P were to stay John, O were to go Tiger Woods and X were to go a golf set, so PO would go negative since Tiger Woods is a golf player and hence John would non be able to associate to him, OX would stay positive since Tiger Woods loves the merchandise he is backing and the eventual consequence of this would be a negative PX which would intend consistence in the Triad is non maintained and that the famous person indorsement has non been successful in advancing this merchandise to the consumer. Importance of this theory to us This theory is of involvement to us as future sellers as it helps us understand consumer behavior and psychological science with respects to mascots used to endorse/market a merchandise. It besides educates us on the 3 manner relationship that transpires between merchandise, famous person and consumer and in bend, we would be able to market our merchandises utilizing the right famous persons for the right merchandise. The EndAnd that ladies and gentlemen concludes my presentation on Fritz Heider’s Balance Theory. Thank you all for your sort attending. Bibliography1. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investorwords.com/15193/balance_theory.html2. hypertext transfer protocol: //changingminds.org/explanations/theories/balance_theory.htm 3. Roy, Subhadip, Gammoh, Bashar S. , Koh Anthony C. ( 2012 ) . Predicting the effectivity of famous person indorsements utilizing the balance theory..Journal of Customer Behaviour. 11 ( 1 ) , p33-52.

Free Essays on A Prescription for Entrepreneurial Management

Peter Drucker (1985) states in his article, A Prescription for entrepreneurial management†, â€Å" Leadership does not necessarily mean bigger; it means being accepted as the leader, recognized as the standard setter. Above all, it means having the freedom to lead rather than being obliged to follow† (p.36). In looking at these definitions it can be seen that there are many different types of leadership. Several examples might be transformational, charismatic, and entrepreneurial leadership. Entrepreneurial leadership is vital to an individual and to a corporation’s success. Entrepreneurial firms are a major source of innovation and change. They create jobs, new tax revenues, and other transfers of money. At a time when U.S. productivity growth is lagging behind other countries, and when our large corporations are laying off workers and focusing on core businesses, entrepreneurial firms assume a more significant role; They do what large companies are not doing (Mi ner, 1997, p.54). Definitions of Entrepreneurial Leadership Stevenson, Roberts, Miles Miller risk-taking, or willingness to pursue opportunities having a reasonable chance of costly failure; and proactiveness, or an emphasis on persistence and creativity in overcoming obstacles until the innovativ... Free Essays on A Prescription for Entrepreneurial Management Free Essays on A Prescription for Entrepreneurial Management Peter Drucker (1985) states in his article, A Prescription for entrepreneurial management†, â€Å" Leadership does not necessarily mean bigger; it means being accepted as the leader, recognized as the standard setter. Above all, it means having the freedom to lead rather than being obliged to follow† (p.36). In looking at these definitions it can be seen that there are many different types of leadership. Several examples might be transformational, charismatic, and entrepreneurial leadership. Entrepreneurial leadership is vital to an individual and to a corporation’s success. Entrepreneurial firms are a major source of innovation and change. They create jobs, new tax revenues, and other transfers of money. At a time when U.S. productivity growth is lagging behind other countries, and when our large corporations are laying off workers and focusing on core businesses, entrepreneurial firms assume a more significant role; They do what large companies are not doing (Mi ner, 1997, p.54). Definitions of Entrepreneurial Leadership Stevenson, Roberts, Miles Miller risk-taking, or willingness to pursue opportunities having a reasonable chance of costly failure; and proactiveness, or an emphasis on persistence and creativity in overcoming obstacles until the innovativ...

Communication class Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communication class - Movie Review Example This is very similar to the research conducted in which relationships develop when two individuals have similar interests or see each other on a regular basis. Clearly, the film illustrates that these two characters had much in common listening to the same music band, going to the same gym and frequenting the same bar. These similarities make building a relationship much easier as the relationship already has building blocks from which it can grow. However, there are several discrepancies in the film for relationship building as shown in the research. The largest discrepancy in the film for relationship development is the same ultimate plot conflict in which Janet was strategically placed in each environment she happened to meet up with Sam. With this happenstance, Sam grew the confidence to begin speaking with Janet repeatedly and eventually ask her on a date, which would last for over one year. However, this type of confidence is rarely found and conflicts with research for divorce es who typically find it difficult to make the first move. Relationship building does occur and is likely when individuals have similar interests, but Sam was not in a position to approach Janet due to his recent divorce. He was only dating women to try to deal with the pain and loneliness he was experiencing, but he legitimately had strong feelings for her from the first moment in the gymnasium.

Employment Testing and Human Resource Management Article

Employment Testing and Human Resource Management - Article Example The researcher states that while Ajila and Okafor give a detailed and informative account of employment testing, the relevance of such testing in Human Resource Management is given only superficial treatment. Ajila and Okafor define Human Resources Management, its objective in matching organizational goals with employee skills, and the use of employment testing as a step in any â€Å"comprehensive screening program†. The authors present an in-depth account of the origin and nature of employment testing, beginning with its roots in the tests of Francis Galton in 1883, and its evolution over the decades: from Alfred Binet’s scales, the Stanford-Binet test, and the Army Tests used in World War I. Ajila and Okafor go on to define psychological tests, and analyze employment testing in terms of validity and reliability. As personnel selection is one of the most significant features of Human Resource Management, the authors explore validity (accuracy, legitimacy) and reliabili ty (dependability or consistency) in terms of measures used to assess the â€Å"attributes related to success on the job†. The authors give a comprehensive report of the various types of tests used in personnel screening and selection, based on cognitive ability, mechanical ability, motor and sensory ability, aptitude, personality, and knowledge. By providing examples of each kind of test, the authors further elucidate the nature of employment testing and the purpose and use of the different tests. Ajila and Okafor conclude with the unequivocal assertion that employment testing should definitely be a part of the process of personnel selection. While the authors give a commendably detailed analysis of the history of psychological testing, and a comprehensive list of the types of tests, the article does not make a strong enough case for the inclusion of such testing in the personnel selection process. Ajila and Okafor do not quote any studies or research to back their stand tha t employment testing is a reliable and valid method of personnel selection.

The Knights of Columbus Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Knights of Columbus - Case Study Example According to the research findings, the Knights of Columbus has over 1200 employees and a revenue turnover of over $1.2 billion.The services provided are insurance and financial services that are aimed at supporting the families that are affected by the death of their loved ones. The organization has over 1.7 million members and over 13000 councils in countries such as the Philippines, Canada, Mexico, Guam the Bahamas, Virgin Islands, Cuba, the Poland Dominican Republic amongst other states. The main purpose of its existence is that of instilling practical Catholic discipline on its members so that they can understand the norms and beliefs of the religion. Knights of Columbus also promote Catholic education and charity to its members so that they can learn how to carry out their activities in the future. The core values of this organization are charitable work, Catholicism, and acts of volunteering. For example in the year 2003, over $130 million efforts were contributed and over $ 6 0 million hours were contributed to the church and other projects. They promote the intellectual and social integration to its members through the provision of education, charitable work, social welfare and relief in both the war and the public domain. With time Knights of Columbus was able to venture into the insurance industry whereby they were to offer financial compensation to its members in case a financial loss occurred. According to Anderson, the main mission of the Company is to protect the interests of the Catholic families with life insurance. A service refers to the work done by people on behalf of their customers so that they can derive some benefit from it. The management of the organization issues insurance policies to its customers in form of thousands of dollars who are of ages 18 to 60 years so that they can benefit from the services provided to them within the stipulated period of time. It also ensures that its members do not have financial difficulties when they f ace problems that are related to death or illness. The service interaction refers to the process of identifying a service that can allow a provider to question the principal concerning pertinent information so as to clarify principals' preferences of different kinds of information that can improve on their living standards. These services are provided to the customers so that they can fulfill their needs and desires within a stipulated period of time. The management of Knights of Columbus is expected to compensate the members who incur losses since they contribute on a monthly basis to cover for any uncertainties that occur during their stay in the organization. Service Chain analysis is a strategy that is used by a business organization so that they can have a competitive advantage over their customers.

Design of Mobile Banking Application

Design of Mobile Banking Application Mobile banking is the topic of today as internet banking was a few years ago. [3] Globally millions of people already use mobile devices to do their banking transactions. Mobile phones as a device with high security standards and direct connections, allows customers to access a wide range of services throughout the world. This is due to the success of the mobile and internet banking which the mobile device brings both banking channels together as a compact and highly personal channel to make mobile banking a reality. [31] The mobile device also presents new opportunities in payment structure thereby formulating an easy means for transacting payments through the innovative combination of mobile technology. Mobile devices have greater reach all around the world especially in developing nations with lower knowledge of its existence. At the same time they provide a fast and effective way for customers to send money to dependants in other countries or location. As it is said, Mobile banking is big news in Africa which started out in countries as South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria where mobile phone users especially in the urban areas traded minutes by sending credits to their relatives in villages in order to communicate with them when the need arises. But then these transactions took up an increased trend by building awareness for Mobile banking deriving various mobile banking platforms such as the SMS, WAP etc. [21] In West Africa, there are concerns on how this can be implemented and how the customers would embrace such technology. This will be discussed further in chapter 2 and 5. The mobile banking transaction consists of three main components and these are: The User Customers who make use of the application The Device Mobile handset, PDA etc The Mobile Network Operator (MNO) These can be Financial Institutions, Mobile service provider or combination of both. The user can request for the service using a mobile device which connects the client application and the MNO through a wireless network, GPRS etc. [28] The mobile phone has become an invasive device which has fewer disadvantages than most technologies. The answer to this can be said based on its penetration in poor economies (Africa in particular) and a customers demand for the use of telecommunication. With a mobile phone, people can be reachable and have a secure mobile device in the palm of their hands to easily get information anytime they desire which makes communication easy. The Mobile Network Operator may also be classified as a server supplier which serves as a link between the mobile user and the mobile phone in transacting data. [10] Mobile banking offers the prospect of increasing the efficiency of payment systems and also expanding the access to financial services. These objectives may be in tension based on financial integrity or consumer protection. [31] Mobile banking has also had its criticisms, one being security. The fact still remains that there are measures in place to tackle such risks involved especially in terms of fraud or money laundry. [29] The mobile banking services have expanded in Africa cutting across East, West and the southern region of Africa. In Kenya today, a customer can send money via mobile using the Short Message Services (SMS) mobile banking platform. [24] It has been spoken about the potential expansion for mobile banking as its awareness builds around Africa and how it could lower the cost of banking and build a customer-banker relationship. [6] In implementing a mobile banking structure, there are varieties of mobile banking platforms such as short Message Service (SMS), Mobile web (WAP) and Mobile Client application (J2ME, BREW etc.) and so on. Each Mobile banking platform has its strengths and weaknesses which in effect is important to identify, for this will enhance further development in its future prospect and be appropriate for financial services. [17] SCOPE AND PURPOSE The scope of this project is to implement a mobile client based application using Java application (J2ME) and then determine how effective and secure it will be to a society and users. Questions may be asked why mobile client application. This is because it is at the moment known to be the quickest and easiest way of transacting data on the mobile device in any given time. There should be mobile network coverage for the application to function. Mobile client application also known to be standalone mobile application is most suitable to implement for a complex financial transaction. A basic requirement for mobile client application platform to be implemented is that of the software been required to be downloaded on the mobile device before it could be used, though further requirements will be needed to support the development environment (J2ME) to function on the device. [20] The J2ME client application connects to a server through the wireless enabled device or GPRS which allow customers gain access their bank statements and also perform other banking transactions such as money transfers, pay bills etc. With the support of Nokia Ltd, developers have easy access to development tools by opening an online community for developers focused in developing applications based on J2ME. [29] Therefore the scope highlights a broad view of the project in implementing a mobile banking application using J2ME Java 2 application. The hardware devices to be used are a Mobile device and a PC /Laptop. The software tools used are Sun Java Wireless Toolkit 2.5.2 for CLDC, NetBeans IDE 6.8, MySQL server, Apache web server, Edit Plus 3, Notepad etc. The purpose of this project is to design and implement a mobile banking application demonstrating its benefits and tackling flaws encountered in its implementation, thereby creating an awareness of the banking platforms which best ensures a safe and secure means of transacting data in West Africa. Therefore i embark on implementing the project and then demonstrate how it will function. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The project is aimed at implementing a mobile banking application to develop its technology and then demonstrate how it could be beneficial to developing countries and financial institutions as mobile payment system is one of the biggest hits in Africa. This will enable mobile network operators who connect to the everyday reality of the customers, diversify in what is known as a growing market and also implement security measures to ensure a safe and secure mobile banking transaction. The objectives of this project that has been formulated to aid the implementation and success of the project are: To investigate current Mobile banking platforms, methods and technologies used in West Africa and how effective and productive it has been to the countries/nations. This was carried out with the aid of Journals, articles and information from the internet and media. To investigate and determine the benefits, threats, and weaknesses of implementing a mobile banking application in West African region. To investigate on the security breaches in existence and measures to be taken into consideration when implementing the application due to a high risk of data exposure in that region. To derive techniques to be used to implement the application on a mobile device. To design, test and implement a secure mobile client application to make easy access to customers checking their account balances through Mobile Java enabled devices etc BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT (OVERVIEW) Literature Review (Chapter 2) This chapter will analyze, investigate and discuss views on the methods involved in implementing a mobile client application in West Africa and how this can be implemented. Various challenges that may disrupt the implementation will be discussed thereby formulating a means of solving its challenges and how to improve the current situation. The author will also address general questions arising from exploration of countries in West Africa (Nigeria and Ghana in particular) and how this will be solved. Structure of Mobile Banking (Chapter 3) This chapter will explain the structure, meaning and various types of mobile banking in existence. With a clear structure in place, the project will encompass methods and steps to ensure a successful implementation of mobile banking platforms in West Africa. Mobile Banking Implementation (Chapter 4) This chapter critically examines the implementation process involved in deriving a method that can be implemented, steps to be taken into consideration and testing of the application. The various steps taken will be derived from Unified Software Development Process (USDP). USDP is a generic process for the UML and will apply the iterative lifecycle model of USDP. [17] [10] Project Conclusion and Recommendation (Chapter 5) The final chapter will encapsulate the previous chapters and the author will discuss on further development to ensure the progress of the project, future improvement in the system designed and how it will be beneficial to the case study chosen. The conclusion will talk about the state at which the project was completed and what more can be implemented. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND PROBLEM DEFINITION LITERATURE REVIEW This Literature review is about addressing general questions arising from exploration of countries in the West African region in particular. As i mentioned earlier in the previous chapter, one of the objectives of this project is to investigate the use of mobile banking in West Africa, and then determine which mobile banking platform best suites the economies and masses by further expanding the view based on its availability, accessibility, affordability and security. [29] In carrying out my research, i limited my search on few West African countries to accommodate the time limit and information given in completing this project. There are 15 countries in West Africa; but in my research i will engage on using a sample size (limiting my search to two countries Nigeria and Ghana), whereby i will analyze and investigate the development of mobile banking and its effect caused in the implementation in those countries. [2] This will enable a fair view recommendation in my conclusion thereby concluding on which mobile platform can best be applied. Both countries (Nigeria Ghana) have active Mobile banking initiatives currently implemented; but as low and middle income countries respectively, they come from different starting points and face different issues. As such, they help to frame the particular questions which are focused to derive a result in the implementation of Mobile banking in West Africa. These few questions are: What is happening to mobile banking in these developing countries, and is it likely to lead to greater accessibility and affordability? Will Mobile banking in West Africa develop spontaneously and will there be an enablement required for it to function effectively? What are the measures in place (if any) to ensure a fast and secure means of mobile banking. Are financial institutions aware of Mobile banking in Nigeria and Ghana and what mobile banking platforms have been applied? What benefit does Mobile banking contribute to the economy and how will the customers embrace such technology? In this project, various investigations are carried out to identify the elements of an environment in adopting Mobile banking methods which would maximize the likelihood of access to financial services and how it will expand greatly in West Africa. Because of its restricted time and focus, the project was designed to be exploratory, rather than definitive (seeking to understand what was happening in both countries mentioned above) and in the process develop an approach towards market development and awareness of which could be of wider value across the continent. The project comprised the following elements: Investigation on existing mobile banking platforms used as mentioned earlier and the different approaches adopted in different Countries. In my research, i realized that mobile banking platforms follow a wide range of mobile application expansion in West Africa where so many banks are embarking on the system. This was because of the success of new mobile devices manufactured to provide excellent characteristics with larger processing power, large amount of memory, enabled Java programming and GPRS/GPS service.[4] Furthermore, mobile network operators in the Western region of Africa adopted 2.5G network, which uses GPRS as an information bearer. With the expansion of 3G networks, it has made mobile banking more productive. These type of networks enable greater amount of data to be transmitted between the client and server applications using much secure and stable connectivity. [4] With the adoption of the 2G network, WAP was implemented and due to disadvantages in terms of security and availability, the development of the mobile client application was introduced. WAP mobile application was useful for less powerful mobile devices. [4] [9]Taking a look at other West African countries like Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Niger etc. in which they know little about mobile banking, with an awareness and banks adopting mobile banking platforms, these nations will adopt mobile banking platforms. The vast major countries in West Africa in which mobile banking is implemented are Ghana, Nigeria, Liberia and few others. [3] In carrying out my analysis on the growth and implementation of mobile banking in West Africa, i looked at developing countries in that region and examined how effective mobile banking can be. In my research, i sampled two countries Nigeria and Ghana and examined all aspects relating to the project topic. RESEARCH ON MOBILE BANKING IN NIGERIA AND GHANA The growth of Mobile banking in Nigeria started in 2006 beginning with the SMS system of banking which is widely common and still practiced. The WAP and Mobile client application system started in 2008 and ever since has been expanding in technology. Internet banking is one of the mobile banking systems that had a low penetration rate in Nigeria due to poor internet facilities and a high cost of acquiring internet service (Table 2.1).[3] Globa Com a Mobile Network Operator (MNO) uses the SMS system of banking in collaboration using some banks in the country. According to the official of Globa Com, in which he stated that Glo Mobile banking subscribers will soon have access to paying bills and other utility bills on their mobile with a collaboration with several financial organizations. This proves the growth and expansion on Mobile banking in Nigeria and the rest of West Africa. As at 2008, the internet banking system had a 6% penetration rate in a population of 140million in Nigeria. In regards to mobile banking, its penetration rate is close to 50% with a prospect for more expansion as analyzed below. [4] One may ask why a large difference between both banking systems. This is due to low infrastructure and technology in satellite transmission across West Africa. In Ghana, There are measures to ensure the wide spread of Mobile banking services for commercial banks have been advised to introduce mobile banking platforms to enable its customers in carrying out banking services even outside the banking premises which was the only way to transfer funds, check balances etc. [5] Mobile banking service penetration As analyzed above in table 2.1, mobile banking services has penetrated in both countries compared to internet banking which has very low penetration. For Mobile client applications to be implemented, a mobile device with GPRS, WAP enabled and java compatibility should be used. These applications implement secure API and web service technology. Mobile banking features on a mobile phone have been provided to users in which it is secure and easy to use. This concept is a competitive advantage on the market of mobile phone manufacturers in which competitive advantage is the possibility of success. [13] Emmanuel Okoegwale stated in his report that offshore transfer of WAP mobile banking was a disaster based on an internet-based technology applied to the mobile which was a slow, unreliable and costly system for customers in Nigeria with poor coverage, handset limitation and inadequate customer awareness to the system. At the moment, the SMS system of banking is dominant for mobile banking transaction. [4] TECHNOLOGY With the standardization of the 3rd generation mobile communication systems in 2000, technology became a vital impart in the world of mobile banking. In 2000, 2.5G 2.75G network increased the data transmission. Then, the 3G network system which transmits wideband TDMA and CDMA, voice and high bit-rate data and portable units. There are speculations of the 4th generation mobile communication systems called the 4G to be implemented in 2010. The current mobile technology used in Ghana and Nigeria are: SMS (The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“request replyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? text application) WAP (Web application) J2ME (Java application) Short Message Service The Short Message Service system involves a user and a Mobile Network Operator exchanging text messages through a secure encrypted channel. But first, the user needs to be registered with the bank to receive the facility. Once registered by the bank, the user will be advised a text will be sent to him to confirm the registration. The service will then be registered and the user would be able to receive text alert once in a while especially when a transaction has taken place in the customers account. The structure of a secure SMS system is therefore highlighted below. An SMS System of banking With the SMS system, the user can request for his current balance by (requesting) sending a text to a bank message code and then get a response. The message code helps to identify the user and then recognise his request, in which it will initiate a response (sending his current balance). The disadvantage of SMS system of banking is that scammers send SMS messages identifying themselves as the bank, and also request for further bank details from the user such as PIN number, account number etc. This fraud has made the SMS system of banking insecure. This method is still experienced in Nigeria and Ghana respectively as i was able to identify that as a challenge. Another disadvantage is the user cannot store his credit card information on the mobile devices to pay a bill due to poor mobile infrastructure in place in West Africa. Also, no payment history can be derived from the mobile device when using an SMS system of banking. WAP (Web Application) The WAP system uses an internet browser on a mobile device. The user accesses his account from the banks website. This is similar to internet banking practiced on a PC or laptop. A major constrain in the WAP system is old mobile handsets have no built-in mobile browser, therefore restricting users in using such method. In Ghana and Nigeria, most mobile handset users use sophisticated handsets with GPRS, 3G and wireless enabled. Few banks such as Diamond, Intercontinental, Bank PHP and Ghanaian Commercial bank have adopted this method of banking, but yet to completely introduce it to all their customers. This is due to the long wait and procedure their customers have to take in registering for the facility. Some banks have created a special web page which will be suitable for their customers to register on their mobile screens. Mobile browsers are vulnerable to the same security risk been experienced in internet banking. However, there are differences in terms of safer means of transacting data on a mobile device than on the PC or laptop. This is because as at June 2009,[21a] creators of Trojan horses viruses and other types have not fully focused on the mobile market; though viruses still affect mobile devices, but it is not as rampant as the PC or laptop. J2ME (Java Application) J2ME is classified as an application used to implement a mobile client application. This application needs to be downloaded and installed on a mobile device which is java enabled, and then linked directly to a server. The application is said to require an effort to install, but it is known to becoming popular around the world. This is because it is faster than logging into the web browser to access a banks website. With further development in its technology, its user interface will be much easier to navigate.[21a] Applications as this are highly secure due to its implementation and information designed to function with a security algorithm, whereby all banks use different security algorithms. The disadvantage in using this method is programs downloaded on a mobile device can be stored and if not signed or logged out, it could be vulnerable to security risk. This can be tackled by introducing a timeout system method when implementing the code.[21a] CONNECTIVITY There are various network connectivity used in mobile transmission. Network Connectivity Mobile device users communicate using wireless networks anywhere at any given time. Mobile devices can be connected as well at any place and at anytime to the wireless network. Wireless network connectivity are regulated by frequencies. The user receives wireless network connection on his mobile on the frequency and wavelength of the antenna. Signal problems may occur based on the blocking and reflection of large buildings, the size of wavelength may be too small and the distance of the wireless antennas (mast) may be too far. This has been further tackled in developed nations, but West African countries still experience these problems. Signals can take many different paths and may case delay (3-12 micro seconds). [17] The effects of low or no signals in West Africa are based on short and long term fading of the signals. The short term fading can be classified as buildings, hills, trees etc., while the long term fading can be said to be the distance between the sender and the receiver, for it may change when the user moves to a different coverage area. MOBILE PLATFORMS Mobile devices come in different ranges, shapes and sizes. This is why mobile developers cannot system the same mobile platforms for another mobile device. For example, mobile applications developed to function on a Nokia handset will not function on a Windows Mobile/ Windows CE handset, though some applications may function on handsets manufactured by different companies. An example is the snake game on a Nokia and Sony Ericsson handset. This is due to the specification in both devices which will be further explained. Also, these devices are manufactured by different companies using different techniques. Mobile devices are categorised into: Microsoft PDA and Smart phones These devices use a mobile 5 and 2003 pocket edition platform to function. Types of devices in these categories are XDA, SPV-M, MDA, I-MATE, HTC S623 etc. Nokia and Sony Ericsson Devices These devices use a Symbian platform to function. Types of devices in these categories are P900, N series, W series, 9300 communicator etc. RIM Blackberry Device The blackberry device is a unique kind of device, for it has its unique platform and for such features (such as push e-mails) to function, it will need to register with RIM company, and then be connected to the blackberry enterprise server (BES). With other devices such the HTC device you can download the outlook e-mail feature from the mobile web. Palm Smart phones The palm device also uses Microsoft mobile 5 platforms along with the palm Operating System (OS) platform. Devices in this category are Treo 600, Treo 650, Centro, Palm pre etc. Microsoft PDA phones, smart phones are also manufactured by Sony Ericsson, Nokia, Palm and other mobile companies. These devices have similar functions which are: They have the push e-mail function You can create, edit and read on the device using applications such as word, powerpoint, spreadsheets etc. There are differences between using a blackberry device and other devices. As mentioned earlier, the blackberry device is a unique kind and this has made its devices more demanding and competitive in the mobile market. Analysing these mobile devices in terms of usage in Nigeria and Ghana, most people are so focus driven when new kinds of mobile handsets are introduced into the market. They look forward to having one without the knowledge of its features or technology. The mobile platforms in use are listed and some are explained below: Symbian platform Palm OS platform Java platform RIM (Blackberry) platform Windows Mobile platform Linux platform Symbian platform The name Symbian was derived based on Microsofts domination in the mobile market, therefore making four mobile companies ( Ericsson, Panasonic, Motorola and Nokia) along with the development team of Psion (a UK based company) form a new company called Symbian. The Symbian platform was also called EPOS. Symbian is known to be an open source operating system (OS) specifically designed for mobile devices and smart phones with frameworks, libraries and user interface originally developed by the company Symbian LTD. [29b] The Symbian platform is specifically engineered to handle error (which is similar to Java) and uses the concept of a server rather than traditional device drivers. The Symbian platform uses an SDK development environment. Figure 2.3 shows the architecture of the Symbian platform. Java platform Java was developed as a language for embedded programming of washing machine, microwaves etc. In 2000, Java language became sophisticated with large classes supporting desktop like application and requiring memory resources and significant processing. The growth of mobile devices reached the critical mass which made Sun re-launch a smaller version of their SDK called J2ME (Java 2 Micro Edition). J2ME now retains integration with larger SDK Sun like Palm OS and Symbian platforms. The architecture of J2ME (as shown in figure 2.3) was further partitioned into the virtual machines, configurations and profiles(as shown on figure 2.4). The J2ME also has support for OTA provisioning. Java ME technology was created in order to handle the constraints connected with building applications for small devices. Palm OS The Palm was launched as a software house developing handwriting recognition software for some manufacturers handheld. In 2001, palm split to become two companies, one responsible for development of operating systems and the other PDAs. Palm functions with a single -tasking third -party kernel which was developed by KADAK. It has a real-time operating system which is able to handle hardware interruption while task switching. EVALUATION AND FINDINGS A search was carried out to analyse the current Mobile banking Structure in West Africa and what banking strategies have been implemented to ensure customers have a safe and secure means of Mobile banking. Before implementing a Mobile client application, such evaluations should be carried out by using SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis, this will enable me carryout a proper implementation of Mobile banking in West Africa. In achieving my findings, I carried out various objectives which are listed below: I carried out a search to analyse the current Mobile banking Structure existing in West Africa and how effective, accessible and affordable it has been to the economies or nations. This was carried out with the aid of Journals, Articles and information from the internet and media. Results: The mobile banking platforms in existence are SMS, WAP and Mobile client application. An evaluation of my findings from my literature search was carried out to determine the benefits, threats, and the weaknesses of implementing a mobile banking application in West African region. Results: The benefits are greater expansion in banking facility and the economy at large. Security measures were derived when implementing the application due to a high risk of data protection in that region. What techniques were introduced in current mobile banking platforms? Results: Techniques derived to implement the application on a mobile device are SMS alert system, banking advertisement and customer-to-bank relationship. ANALYSIS AND INVESTIGATION Analysis and investigation are issues that may arise when implementing a mobile banking platform. To investigate the above given aim and objectives, ill be using a range of resources, like books, journals, but the main source of my information will be the Internet; resources from news websites, white papers and government publications etc. thereby providing an up-to-date information to carryout my research. This method was adopted due to constrains in distance and information from West African countries. According to Sola fanawopo(2008) on the growth in mobile banking services in Nigeria, he stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“some of the transactions that can be conducted with Glo Mobile banking include checking balances, viewing of the last five transactions on account. He also stated Glo Mobile (Owner by Globa Com) subscribers can transfer money from one account to another within the same bank.[23] Emmanuel Okoegwale in an article went further to elaborate on when Nigeria started using Mobile banking system which he said started by transaction based activities whereby customers were notified through the SMS system of banking in respect to the recent banking transactions done on their account.[3] With the recent penetration of internet and Java enabled mobile devices, Nigerian banks deployed full fledged banking through mobile device with various means of services made available, but this was made possible in the bank. The internet being a channel to mobile banking had penetration rate of 6 percent (%) in a population of 140million,with mobile technology been close to 50 percent (%) penetration with prospect for growth.( see table 2.1) [4] The banking sector in Ghana has witnessed a significant amount of transformation in the adoption of banking which also known in Ghana as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"m-banking.[3] According to Daniel Nonors report on mobile banking in Ghana, he said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“subscribers to the facility in Ghana still account for a tiny percentage of the banking public, but fast gaining groundsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. He went further to explain the use of advanced mobile phones and services by Ghanaians who have embraced the mobile technology. [1] One of Ghanaians top banks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ghana Commercial bank GCB is yet to introduce the mobile client system of banking to their customers in 2010. [24] MTN ( one of West Africans mobile service operators launched mobile banking in Ghana called MTN Mobile Money which will allow customers pay for utility services, transfer money and other banking services. For this to function, customers will have to register with authorized mobile money agents or partnership banks. [5] Ivatury and Mas (2008) predicted that poor people in developing countries are more likely to use mobile phones in undertaking financial transactions. [8] However, there exists poor internet connectivity in most countries in West Af Design of Mobile Banking Application Design of Mobile Banking Application Mobile banking is the topic of today as internet banking was a few years ago. [3] Globally millions of people already use mobile devices to do their banking transactions. Mobile phones as a device with high security standards and direct connections, allows customers to access a wide range of services throughout the world. This is due to the success of the mobile and internet banking which the mobile device brings both banking channels together as a compact and highly personal channel to make mobile banking a reality. [31] The mobile device also presents new opportunities in payment structure thereby formulating an easy means for transacting payments through the innovative combination of mobile technology. Mobile devices have greater reach all around the world especially in developing nations with lower knowledge of its existence. At the same time they provide a fast and effective way for customers to send money to dependants in other countries or location. As it is said, Mobile banking is big news in Africa which started out in countries as South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria where mobile phone users especially in the urban areas traded minutes by sending credits to their relatives in villages in order to communicate with them when the need arises. But then these transactions took up an increased trend by building awareness for Mobile banking deriving various mobile banking platforms such as the SMS, WAP etc. [21] In West Africa, there are concerns on how this can be implemented and how the customers would embrace such technology. This will be discussed further in chapter 2 and 5. The mobile banking transaction consists of three main components and these are: The User Customers who make use of the application The Device Mobile handset, PDA etc The Mobile Network Operator (MNO) These can be Financial Institutions, Mobile service provider or combination of both. The user can request for the service using a mobile device which connects the client application and the MNO through a wireless network, GPRS etc. [28] The mobile phone has become an invasive device which has fewer disadvantages than most technologies. The answer to this can be said based on its penetration in poor economies (Africa in particular) and a customers demand for the use of telecommunication. With a mobile phone, people can be reachable and have a secure mobile device in the palm of their hands to easily get information anytime they desire which makes communication easy. The Mobile Network Operator may also be classified as a server supplier which serves as a link between the mobile user and the mobile phone in transacting data. [10] Mobile banking offers the prospect of increasing the efficiency of payment systems and also expanding the access to financial services. These objectives may be in tension based on financial integrity or consumer protection. [31] Mobile banking has also had its criticisms, one being security. The fact still remains that there are measures in place to tackle such risks involved especially in terms of fraud or money laundry. [29] The mobile banking services have expanded in Africa cutting across East, West and the southern region of Africa. In Kenya today, a customer can send money via mobile using the Short Message Services (SMS) mobile banking platform. [24] It has been spoken about the potential expansion for mobile banking as its awareness builds around Africa and how it could lower the cost of banking and build a customer-banker relationship. [6] In implementing a mobile banking structure, there are varieties of mobile banking platforms such as short Message Service (SMS), Mobile web (WAP) and Mobile Client application (J2ME, BREW etc.) and so on. Each Mobile banking platform has its strengths and weaknesses which in effect is important to identify, for this will enhance further development in its future prospect and be appropriate for financial services. [17] SCOPE AND PURPOSE The scope of this project is to implement a mobile client based application using Java application (J2ME) and then determine how effective and secure it will be to a society and users. Questions may be asked why mobile client application. This is because it is at the moment known to be the quickest and easiest way of transacting data on the mobile device in any given time. There should be mobile network coverage for the application to function. Mobile client application also known to be standalone mobile application is most suitable to implement for a complex financial transaction. A basic requirement for mobile client application platform to be implemented is that of the software been required to be downloaded on the mobile device before it could be used, though further requirements will be needed to support the development environment (J2ME) to function on the device. [20] The J2ME client application connects to a server through the wireless enabled device or GPRS which allow customers gain access their bank statements and also perform other banking transactions such as money transfers, pay bills etc. With the support of Nokia Ltd, developers have easy access to development tools by opening an online community for developers focused in developing applications based on J2ME. [29] Therefore the scope highlights a broad view of the project in implementing a mobile banking application using J2ME Java 2 application. The hardware devices to be used are a Mobile device and a PC /Laptop. The software tools used are Sun Java Wireless Toolkit 2.5.2 for CLDC, NetBeans IDE 6.8, MySQL server, Apache web server, Edit Plus 3, Notepad etc. The purpose of this project is to design and implement a mobile banking application demonstrating its benefits and tackling flaws encountered in its implementation, thereby creating an awareness of the banking platforms which best ensures a safe and secure means of transacting data in West Africa. Therefore i embark on implementing the project and then demonstrate how it will function. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The project is aimed at implementing a mobile banking application to develop its technology and then demonstrate how it could be beneficial to developing countries and financial institutions as mobile payment system is one of the biggest hits in Africa. This will enable mobile network operators who connect to the everyday reality of the customers, diversify in what is known as a growing market and also implement security measures to ensure a safe and secure mobile banking transaction. The objectives of this project that has been formulated to aid the implementation and success of the project are: To investigate current Mobile banking platforms, methods and technologies used in West Africa and how effective and productive it has been to the countries/nations. This was carried out with the aid of Journals, articles and information from the internet and media. To investigate and determine the benefits, threats, and weaknesses of implementing a mobile banking application in West African region. To investigate on the security breaches in existence and measures to be taken into consideration when implementing the application due to a high risk of data exposure in that region. To derive techniques to be used to implement the application on a mobile device. To design, test and implement a secure mobile client application to make easy access to customers checking their account balances through Mobile Java enabled devices etc BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT (OVERVIEW) Literature Review (Chapter 2) This chapter will analyze, investigate and discuss views on the methods involved in implementing a mobile client application in West Africa and how this can be implemented. Various challenges that may disrupt the implementation will be discussed thereby formulating a means of solving its challenges and how to improve the current situation. The author will also address general questions arising from exploration of countries in West Africa (Nigeria and Ghana in particular) and how this will be solved. Structure of Mobile Banking (Chapter 3) This chapter will explain the structure, meaning and various types of mobile banking in existence. With a clear structure in place, the project will encompass methods and steps to ensure a successful implementation of mobile banking platforms in West Africa. Mobile Banking Implementation (Chapter 4) This chapter critically examines the implementation process involved in deriving a method that can be implemented, steps to be taken into consideration and testing of the application. The various steps taken will be derived from Unified Software Development Process (USDP). USDP is a generic process for the UML and will apply the iterative lifecycle model of USDP. [17] [10] Project Conclusion and Recommendation (Chapter 5) The final chapter will encapsulate the previous chapters and the author will discuss on further development to ensure the progress of the project, future improvement in the system designed and how it will be beneficial to the case study chosen. The conclusion will talk about the state at which the project was completed and what more can be implemented. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND PROBLEM DEFINITION LITERATURE REVIEW This Literature review is about addressing general questions arising from exploration of countries in the West African region in particular. As i mentioned earlier in the previous chapter, one of the objectives of this project is to investigate the use of mobile banking in West Africa, and then determine which mobile banking platform best suites the economies and masses by further expanding the view based on its availability, accessibility, affordability and security. [29] In carrying out my research, i limited my search on few West African countries to accommodate the time limit and information given in completing this project. There are 15 countries in West Africa; but in my research i will engage on using a sample size (limiting my search to two countries Nigeria and Ghana), whereby i will analyze and investigate the development of mobile banking and its effect caused in the implementation in those countries. [2] This will enable a fair view recommendation in my conclusion thereby concluding on which mobile platform can best be applied. Both countries (Nigeria Ghana) have active Mobile banking initiatives currently implemented; but as low and middle income countries respectively, they come from different starting points and face different issues. As such, they help to frame the particular questions which are focused to derive a result in the implementation of Mobile banking in West Africa. These few questions are: What is happening to mobile banking in these developing countries, and is it likely to lead to greater accessibility and affordability? Will Mobile banking in West Africa develop spontaneously and will there be an enablement required for it to function effectively? What are the measures in place (if any) to ensure a fast and secure means of mobile banking. Are financial institutions aware of Mobile banking in Nigeria and Ghana and what mobile banking platforms have been applied? What benefit does Mobile banking contribute to the economy and how will the customers embrace such technology? In this project, various investigations are carried out to identify the elements of an environment in adopting Mobile banking methods which would maximize the likelihood of access to financial services and how it will expand greatly in West Africa. Because of its restricted time and focus, the project was designed to be exploratory, rather than definitive (seeking to understand what was happening in both countries mentioned above) and in the process develop an approach towards market development and awareness of which could be of wider value across the continent. The project comprised the following elements: Investigation on existing mobile banking platforms used as mentioned earlier and the different approaches adopted in different Countries. In my research, i realized that mobile banking platforms follow a wide range of mobile application expansion in West Africa where so many banks are embarking on the system. This was because of the success of new mobile devices manufactured to provide excellent characteristics with larger processing power, large amount of memory, enabled Java programming and GPRS/GPS service.[4] Furthermore, mobile network operators in the Western region of Africa adopted 2.5G network, which uses GPRS as an information bearer. With the expansion of 3G networks, it has made mobile banking more productive. These type of networks enable greater amount of data to be transmitted between the client and server applications using much secure and stable connectivity. [4] With the adoption of the 2G network, WAP was implemented and due to disadvantages in terms of security and availability, the development of the mobile client application was introduced. WAP mobile application was useful for less powerful mobile devices. [4] [9]Taking a look at other West African countries like Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Niger etc. in which they know little about mobile banking, with an awareness and banks adopting mobile banking platforms, these nations will adopt mobile banking platforms. The vast major countries in West Africa in which mobile banking is implemented are Ghana, Nigeria, Liberia and few others. [3] In carrying out my analysis on the growth and implementation of mobile banking in West Africa, i looked at developing countries in that region and examined how effective mobile banking can be. In my research, i sampled two countries Nigeria and Ghana and examined all aspects relating to the project topic. RESEARCH ON MOBILE BANKING IN NIGERIA AND GHANA The growth of Mobile banking in Nigeria started in 2006 beginning with the SMS system of banking which is widely common and still practiced. The WAP and Mobile client application system started in 2008 and ever since has been expanding in technology. Internet banking is one of the mobile banking systems that had a low penetration rate in Nigeria due to poor internet facilities and a high cost of acquiring internet service (Table 2.1).[3] Globa Com a Mobile Network Operator (MNO) uses the SMS system of banking in collaboration using some banks in the country. According to the official of Globa Com, in which he stated that Glo Mobile banking subscribers will soon have access to paying bills and other utility bills on their mobile with a collaboration with several financial organizations. This proves the growth and expansion on Mobile banking in Nigeria and the rest of West Africa. As at 2008, the internet banking system had a 6% penetration rate in a population of 140million in Nigeria. In regards to mobile banking, its penetration rate is close to 50% with a prospect for more expansion as analyzed below. [4] One may ask why a large difference between both banking systems. This is due to low infrastructure and technology in satellite transmission across West Africa. In Ghana, There are measures to ensure the wide spread of Mobile banking services for commercial banks have been advised to introduce mobile banking platforms to enable its customers in carrying out banking services even outside the banking premises which was the only way to transfer funds, check balances etc. [5] Mobile banking service penetration As analyzed above in table 2.1, mobile banking services has penetrated in both countries compared to internet banking which has very low penetration. For Mobile client applications to be implemented, a mobile device with GPRS, WAP enabled and java compatibility should be used. These applications implement secure API and web service technology. Mobile banking features on a mobile phone have been provided to users in which it is secure and easy to use. This concept is a competitive advantage on the market of mobile phone manufacturers in which competitive advantage is the possibility of success. [13] Emmanuel Okoegwale stated in his report that offshore transfer of WAP mobile banking was a disaster based on an internet-based technology applied to the mobile which was a slow, unreliable and costly system for customers in Nigeria with poor coverage, handset limitation and inadequate customer awareness to the system. At the moment, the SMS system of banking is dominant for mobile banking transaction. [4] TECHNOLOGY With the standardization of the 3rd generation mobile communication systems in 2000, technology became a vital impart in the world of mobile banking. In 2000, 2.5G 2.75G network increased the data transmission. Then, the 3G network system which transmits wideband TDMA and CDMA, voice and high bit-rate data and portable units. There are speculations of the 4th generation mobile communication systems called the 4G to be implemented in 2010. The current mobile technology used in Ghana and Nigeria are: SMS (The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“request replyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? text application) WAP (Web application) J2ME (Java application) Short Message Service The Short Message Service system involves a user and a Mobile Network Operator exchanging text messages through a secure encrypted channel. But first, the user needs to be registered with the bank to receive the facility. Once registered by the bank, the user will be advised a text will be sent to him to confirm the registration. The service will then be registered and the user would be able to receive text alert once in a while especially when a transaction has taken place in the customers account. The structure of a secure SMS system is therefore highlighted below. An SMS System of banking With the SMS system, the user can request for his current balance by (requesting) sending a text to a bank message code and then get a response. The message code helps to identify the user and then recognise his request, in which it will initiate a response (sending his current balance). The disadvantage of SMS system of banking is that scammers send SMS messages identifying themselves as the bank, and also request for further bank details from the user such as PIN number, account number etc. This fraud has made the SMS system of banking insecure. This method is still experienced in Nigeria and Ghana respectively as i was able to identify that as a challenge. Another disadvantage is the user cannot store his credit card information on the mobile devices to pay a bill due to poor mobile infrastructure in place in West Africa. Also, no payment history can be derived from the mobile device when using an SMS system of banking. WAP (Web Application) The WAP system uses an internet browser on a mobile device. The user accesses his account from the banks website. This is similar to internet banking practiced on a PC or laptop. A major constrain in the WAP system is old mobile handsets have no built-in mobile browser, therefore restricting users in using such method. In Ghana and Nigeria, most mobile handset users use sophisticated handsets with GPRS, 3G and wireless enabled. Few banks such as Diamond, Intercontinental, Bank PHP and Ghanaian Commercial bank have adopted this method of banking, but yet to completely introduce it to all their customers. This is due to the long wait and procedure their customers have to take in registering for the facility. Some banks have created a special web page which will be suitable for their customers to register on their mobile screens. Mobile browsers are vulnerable to the same security risk been experienced in internet banking. However, there are differences in terms of safer means of transacting data on a mobile device than on the PC or laptop. This is because as at June 2009,[21a] creators of Trojan horses viruses and other types have not fully focused on the mobile market; though viruses still affect mobile devices, but it is not as rampant as the PC or laptop. J2ME (Java Application) J2ME is classified as an application used to implement a mobile client application. This application needs to be downloaded and installed on a mobile device which is java enabled, and then linked directly to a server. The application is said to require an effort to install, but it is known to becoming popular around the world. This is because it is faster than logging into the web browser to access a banks website. With further development in its technology, its user interface will be much easier to navigate.[21a] Applications as this are highly secure due to its implementation and information designed to function with a security algorithm, whereby all banks use different security algorithms. The disadvantage in using this method is programs downloaded on a mobile device can be stored and if not signed or logged out, it could be vulnerable to security risk. This can be tackled by introducing a timeout system method when implementing the code.[21a] CONNECTIVITY There are various network connectivity used in mobile transmission. Network Connectivity Mobile device users communicate using wireless networks anywhere at any given time. Mobile devices can be connected as well at any place and at anytime to the wireless network. Wireless network connectivity are regulated by frequencies. The user receives wireless network connection on his mobile on the frequency and wavelength of the antenna. Signal problems may occur based on the blocking and reflection of large buildings, the size of wavelength may be too small and the distance of the wireless antennas (mast) may be too far. This has been further tackled in developed nations, but West African countries still experience these problems. Signals can take many different paths and may case delay (3-12 micro seconds). [17] The effects of low or no signals in West Africa are based on short and long term fading of the signals. The short term fading can be classified as buildings, hills, trees etc., while the long term fading can be said to be the distance between the sender and the receiver, for it may change when the user moves to a different coverage area. MOBILE PLATFORMS Mobile devices come in different ranges, shapes and sizes. This is why mobile developers cannot system the same mobile platforms for another mobile device. For example, mobile applications developed to function on a Nokia handset will not function on a Windows Mobile/ Windows CE handset, though some applications may function on handsets manufactured by different companies. An example is the snake game on a Nokia and Sony Ericsson handset. This is due to the specification in both devices which will be further explained. Also, these devices are manufactured by different companies using different techniques. Mobile devices are categorised into: Microsoft PDA and Smart phones These devices use a mobile 5 and 2003 pocket edition platform to function. Types of devices in these categories are XDA, SPV-M, MDA, I-MATE, HTC S623 etc. Nokia and Sony Ericsson Devices These devices use a Symbian platform to function. Types of devices in these categories are P900, N series, W series, 9300 communicator etc. RIM Blackberry Device The blackberry device is a unique kind of device, for it has its unique platform and for such features (such as push e-mails) to function, it will need to register with RIM company, and then be connected to the blackberry enterprise server (BES). With other devices such the HTC device you can download the outlook e-mail feature from the mobile web. Palm Smart phones The palm device also uses Microsoft mobile 5 platforms along with the palm Operating System (OS) platform. Devices in this category are Treo 600, Treo 650, Centro, Palm pre etc. Microsoft PDA phones, smart phones are also manufactured by Sony Ericsson, Nokia, Palm and other mobile companies. These devices have similar functions which are: They have the push e-mail function You can create, edit and read on the device using applications such as word, powerpoint, spreadsheets etc. There are differences between using a blackberry device and other devices. As mentioned earlier, the blackberry device is a unique kind and this has made its devices more demanding and competitive in the mobile market. Analysing these mobile devices in terms of usage in Nigeria and Ghana, most people are so focus driven when new kinds of mobile handsets are introduced into the market. They look forward to having one without the knowledge of its features or technology. The mobile platforms in use are listed and some are explained below: Symbian platform Palm OS platform Java platform RIM (Blackberry) platform Windows Mobile platform Linux platform Symbian platform The name Symbian was derived based on Microsofts domination in the mobile market, therefore making four mobile companies ( Ericsson, Panasonic, Motorola and Nokia) along with the development team of Psion (a UK based company) form a new company called Symbian. The Symbian platform was also called EPOS. Symbian is known to be an open source operating system (OS) specifically designed for mobile devices and smart phones with frameworks, libraries and user interface originally developed by the company Symbian LTD. [29b] The Symbian platform is specifically engineered to handle error (which is similar to Java) and uses the concept of a server rather than traditional device drivers. The Symbian platform uses an SDK development environment. Figure 2.3 shows the architecture of the Symbian platform. Java platform Java was developed as a language for embedded programming of washing machine, microwaves etc. In 2000, Java language became sophisticated with large classes supporting desktop like application and requiring memory resources and significant processing. The growth of mobile devices reached the critical mass which made Sun re-launch a smaller version of their SDK called J2ME (Java 2 Micro Edition). J2ME now retains integration with larger SDK Sun like Palm OS and Symbian platforms. The architecture of J2ME (as shown in figure 2.3) was further partitioned into the virtual machines, configurations and profiles(as shown on figure 2.4). The J2ME also has support for OTA provisioning. Java ME technology was created in order to handle the constraints connected with building applications for small devices. Palm OS The Palm was launched as a software house developing handwriting recognition software for some manufacturers handheld. In 2001, palm split to become two companies, one responsible for development of operating systems and the other PDAs. Palm functions with a single -tasking third -party kernel which was developed by KADAK. It has a real-time operating system which is able to handle hardware interruption while task switching. EVALUATION AND FINDINGS A search was carried out to analyse the current Mobile banking Structure in West Africa and what banking strategies have been implemented to ensure customers have a safe and secure means of Mobile banking. Before implementing a Mobile client application, such evaluations should be carried out by using SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis, this will enable me carryout a proper implementation of Mobile banking in West Africa. In achieving my findings, I carried out various objectives which are listed below: I carried out a search to analyse the current Mobile banking Structure existing in West Africa and how effective, accessible and affordable it has been to the economies or nations. This was carried out with the aid of Journals, Articles and information from the internet and media. Results: The mobile banking platforms in existence are SMS, WAP and Mobile client application. An evaluation of my findings from my literature search was carried out to determine the benefits, threats, and the weaknesses of implementing a mobile banking application in West African region. Results: The benefits are greater expansion in banking facility and the economy at large. Security measures were derived when implementing the application due to a high risk of data protection in that region. What techniques were introduced in current mobile banking platforms? Results: Techniques derived to implement the application on a mobile device are SMS alert system, banking advertisement and customer-to-bank relationship. ANALYSIS AND INVESTIGATION Analysis and investigation are issues that may arise when implementing a mobile banking platform. To investigate the above given aim and objectives, ill be using a range of resources, like books, journals, but the main source of my information will be the Internet; resources from news websites, white papers and government publications etc. thereby providing an up-to-date information to carryout my research. This method was adopted due to constrains in distance and information from West African countries. According to Sola fanawopo(2008) on the growth in mobile banking services in Nigeria, he stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“some of the transactions that can be conducted with Glo Mobile banking include checking balances, viewing of the last five transactions on account. He also stated Glo Mobile (Owner by Globa Com) subscribers can transfer money from one account to another within the same bank.[23] Emmanuel Okoegwale in an article went further to elaborate on when Nigeria started using Mobile banking system which he said started by transaction based activities whereby customers were notified through the SMS system of banking in respect to the recent banking transactions done on their account.[3] With the recent penetration of internet and Java enabled mobile devices, Nigerian banks deployed full fledged banking through mobile device with various means of services made available, but this was made possible in the bank. The internet being a channel to mobile banking had penetration rate of 6 percent (%) in a population of 140million,with mobile technology been close to 50 percent (%) penetration with prospect for growth.( see table 2.1) [4] The banking sector in Ghana has witnessed a significant amount of transformation in the adoption of banking which also known in Ghana as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"m-banking.[3] According to Daniel Nonors report on mobile banking in Ghana, he said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“subscribers to the facility in Ghana still account for a tiny percentage of the banking public, but fast gaining groundsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. He went further to explain the use of advanced mobile phones and services by Ghanaians who have embraced the mobile technology. [1] One of Ghanaians top banks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ghana Commercial bank GCB is yet to introduce the mobile client system of banking to their customers in 2010. [24] MTN ( one of West Africans mobile service operators launched mobile banking in Ghana called MTN Mobile Money which will allow customers pay for utility services, transfer money and other banking services. For this to function, customers will have to register with authorized mobile money agents or partnership banks. [5] Ivatury and Mas (2008) predicted that poor people in developing countries are more likely to use mobile phones in undertaking financial transactions. [8] However, there exists poor internet connectivity in most countries in West Af